近期，受益(yi)于排放法(fa)規升(sheng)級、超載(zai)治(zhi)理從嚴(yan)以(yi)及基建投資拉動等(deng)多重(zhong)利好因(yin)素，國內載(zai)貨汽(qi)車(che)市場(chang)產銷兩(liang)旺(wang)。載(zai)貨汽(qi)車(che)作(zuo)為(wei)典型的(de)(de)生產資料，客(ke)戶(hu)在關(guan)注(zhu)車(che)輛(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)可靠性(xing)(xing)(xing)與(yu)經濟性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)同時，也對車(che)輛(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)裝質量提出了更(geng)高(gao)要(yao)(yao)求。其中，載(zai)貨汽(qi)車(che)底(di)盤(pan)(pan)零(ling)件(jian)(jian)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層的(de)(de)防(fang)腐(fu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)與(yu)耐候性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)提升(sheng)就是(shi)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)裝質量改善的(de)(de)重(zhong)點工(gong)作(zuo)之(zhi)一，主要(yao)(yao)是(shi)解決牽引車(che)與(yu)二(er)類底(di)盤(pan)(pan)車(che)底(di)盤(pan)(pan)零(ling)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)早(zao)期銹(xiu)蝕以(yi)及涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層失光、變色、粉化等(deng)問題(ti)，減少客(ke)戶(hu)抱怨(yuan)。隨著涂(tu)(tu)(tu)裝技術(shu)不(bu)斷進步(bu)以(yi)及環保法(fa)規日趨嚴(yan)格，應依(yi)據各類底(di)盤(pan)(pan)零(ling)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)產品特點與(yu)技術(shu)要(yao)(yao)求，選取適宜的(de)(de)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)裝材(cai)料與(yu)工(gong)藝，在重(zhong)點關(guan)注(zhu)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層防(fang)腐(fu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)同時，兼顧涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層的(de)(de)外觀質量、機(ji)械性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)、耐候性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)以(yi)及涂(tu)(tu)(tu)料的(de)(de)施工(gong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)等(deng)。

本文針對車(che)架(jia)、車(che)輪(lun)、車(che)橋(qiao)與(yu)鋼板彈簧等載貨汽車(che)主要底(di)盤(pan)零(ling)件，從產品特(te)點、涂層(ceng)質(zhi)量(liang)要求、涂裝(zhuang)工藝(yi)、涂裝(zhuang)材料等方面進行簡要解析，提出改善底(di)盤(pan)零(ling)件涂層(ceng)質(zhi)量(liang)的若干思路與(yu)建議。

1 車架

車(che)架(jia)(jia)是(shi)(shi)載(zai)貨汽車(che)的(de)(de)整(zheng)車(che)骨架(jia)(jia)，起到支撐連接汽車(che)各零(ling)部(bu)件的(de)(de)作用，承受多種(zhong)載(zai)荷，是(shi)(shi)載(zai)貨汽車(che)關鍵的(de)(de)部(bu)件總成(cheng)之一 。車(che)架(jia)(jia)涂層除了(le)要(yao)求具有(you)(you)優良的(de)(de)防腐性(xing)，同時也(ye)要(yao)求具有(you)(you)良好的(de)(de)耐(nai)候性(xing)，例如，有(you)(you)的(de)(de)廠家要(yao)求車(che)架(jia)(jia)涂層耐(nai)中性(xing)鹽霧(wu)≥504 h、耐(nai)氙燈老化≥400 h，有(you)(you)的(de)(de)廠家要(yao)求車(che)架(jia)(jia)涂層耐(nai)中性(xing)鹽霧(wu)性(xing)≥480 h、耐(nai)紫外(wai)（QUV）老化≥300 h 等。根據車(che)架(jia)(jia)生(sheng)產及涂裝(zhuang)(zhuang)類型，大體分(fen)為兩類：車(che)架(jia)(jia)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)配后(hou)總成(cheng)整(zheng)體涂裝(zhuang)(zhuang)與(yu)車(che)架(jia)(jia)散(san)件單(dan)獨涂裝(zhuang)(zhuang)后(hou)再(zai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)配為總成(cheng)。

國內載貨(huo)汽(qi)車普遍(bian)采(cai)用(yong)車架(jia)裝配后總成整體(ti)涂(tu)(tu)裝工(gong)藝(yi)，基本以陰極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)泳(yong)(yong)(yong)單涂(tu)(tu)層(ceng)體(ti)系(xi)為主(zhu)(zhu)。有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)涂(tu)(tu)裝線選用(yong)中(zhong)厚膜(mo)環(huan)(huan)氧樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)型陰極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)泳(yong)(yong)(yong)涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)，要求(qiu)(qiu)電(dian)(dian)泳(yong)(yong)(yong)涂(tu)(tu)層(ceng)具(ju)有(you)(you)優異的(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)(nai)鹽霧性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和良(liang)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)銳邊涂(tu)(tu)覆效果，但耐(nai)(nai)候性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)普遍(bian)較(jiao)差，極(ji)(ji)(ji)易出現涂(tu)(tu)層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)早期(qi)失光(guang)、變色，甚至粉(fen)化(hua)。有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)涂(tu)(tu)裝線選用(yong)“底(di)面合一(yi)”型陰極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)泳(yong)(yong)(yong)涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)，一(yi)般要求(qiu)(qiu)電(dian)(dian)泳(yong)(yong)(yong)涂(tu)(tu)層(ceng)具(ju)有(you)(you)良(liang)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)(nai)鹽霧性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時也要具(ju)備較(jiao)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)(nai)候性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。這一(yi)體(ti)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為2種樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或(huo)多種樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組(zu)分的(de)(de)(de)混合物，其中(zhong)一(yi)種樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是環(huan)(huan)氧樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，其他是耐(nai)(nai)候型樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，如，丙烯(xi)酸樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或(huo)聚(ju)(ju)氨酯樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)，通(tong)過化(hua)學接枝改性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)冷(leng)拼技術達到(dao)特定(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能要求(qiu)(qiu)。電(dian)(dian)泳(yong)(yong)(yong)涂(tu)(tu)層(ceng)固化(hua)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，試圖通(tong)過不同(tong)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)界(jie)面張力梯度的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)，使得兩(liang)相流動形成一(yi)定(ding)程(cheng)度的(de)(de)(de)涂(tu)(tu)層(ceng)分層(ceng)結(jie)構，耐(nai)(nai)候樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)(zai)上層(ceng)具(ju)有(you)(you)高耐(nai)(nai)候性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，環(huan)(huan)氧樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)(zai)下層(ceng)具(ju)有(you)(you)高防(fang)腐(fu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。如何選擇具(ju)有(you)(you)適(shi)當表面張力差的(de)(de)(de)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組(zu)分，并穩定(ding)控制電(dian)(dian)泳(yong)(yong)(yong)涂(tu)(tu)層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)雙層(ceng)結(jie)構與(yu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能是涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)開發的(de)(de)(de)技術難點(dian)。目前來看，常規環(huan)(huan)氧樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)型陰極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)泳(yong)(yong)(yong)涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)無法滿足涂(tu)(tu)層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)(nai)候性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)要求(qiu)(qiu)，而(er)“底(di)面合一(yi)”型陰極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)泳(yong)(yong)(yong)涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)在(zai)(zai)兼顧(gu)耐(nai)(nai)候性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時，涂(tu)(tu)層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)防(fang)腐(fu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)均有(you)(you)不同(tong)程(cheng)度的(de)(de)(de)調整。為了(le)提升涂(tu)(tu)層(ceng)質量，有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)車架(jia)涂(tu)(tu)裝線針(zhen)對高端(duan)產(chan)品采(cai)用(yong)“陰極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)泳(yong)(yong)(yong)+噴(pen)漆或(huo)噴(pen)粉(fen)”工(gong)藝(yi)，噴(pen)漆采(cai)用(yong)雙組(zu)分丙烯(xi)酸聚(ju)(ju)氨酯面漆或(huo)高固體(ti)分聚(ju)(ju)脲面漆，噴(pen)粉(fen)采(cai)用(yong)聚(ju)(ju)酯粉(fen)末(mo)涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)，較(jiao)好(hao)(hao)地保證了(le)車架(jia)涂(tu)(tu)層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)綜合性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能。

近年來，借鑒國(guo)外車(che)(che)(che)(che)企成熟技術，國(guo)內有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)車(che)(che)(che)(che)架(jia)(jia)生產線采(cai)用(yong)散(san)件(jian)(jian)單(dan)獨涂(tu)(tu)(tu)裝(zhuang)后再(zai)進行車(che)(che)(che)(che)架(jia)(jia)總成裝(zhuang)配(pei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工藝(yi)，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)在保證涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)性(xing)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)同時，有(you)效(xiao)解(jie)決車(che)(che)(che)(che)架(jia)(jia)縫(feng)隙、夾(jia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)以(yi)及(ji)(ji)零件(jian)(jian)裝(zhuang)配(pei)貼合(he)面等(deng)部(bu)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)銹蝕(shi)問題(ti)。車(che)(che)(che)(che)架(jia)(jia)縱(zong)梁(liang)經拋丸、漆(qi)前(qian)磷化處(chu)理(li)后噴(pen)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)聚酯粉末(mo)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)料，涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)外觀(guan)質量(liang)、機(ji)械性(xing)能、防(fang)腐(fu)性(xing)能與耐候性(xing)能俱佳；車(che)(che)(che)(che)架(jia)(jia)橫梁(liang)等(deng)散(san)件(jian)(jian)推薦“陰(yin)極電泳+噴(pen)漆(qi)或噴(pen)粉”涂(tu)(tu)(tu)裝(zhuang)工藝(yi)。采(cai)用(yong)這種(zhong)生產工藝(yi)方(fang)式，車(che)(che)(che)(che)架(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)裝(zhuang)成本較高，車(che)(che)(che)(che)架(jia)(jia)總成裝(zhuang)配(pei)作(zuo)業較多(duo)，應重點關注粉末(mo)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)摩擦系數、縱(zong)梁(liang)粉末(mo)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)膜厚控制、緊(jin)固件(jian)(jian)（螺(luo)栓、螺(luo)帽(mao)與鉚釘）的(de)(de)(de)(de)表面處(chu)理(li)質量(liang)以(yi)及(ji)(ji)裝(zhuang)配(pei)零件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)連接(jie)可(ke)(ke)靠性(xing)等(deng)問題(ti)。

2 車輪

載貨(huo)汽車(che)車(che)輪是重(zhong)要的(de)(de)保安零(ling)部件，在(zai)整(zheng)車(che)中(zhong)處于特殊(shu)位置，工作環境(jing)比較(jiao)惡(e)劣，與車(che)架涂層(ceng)(ceng)類似，不(bu)僅(jin)要求(qiu)(qiu)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)優良(liang)的(de)(de)防腐性(xing)，同(tong)時也(ye)要求(qiu)(qiu)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)良(liang)好的(de)(de)耐(nai)候(hou)性(xing)，如，有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)廠(chang)家要求(qiu)(qiu)車(che)輪涂層(ceng)(ceng)耐(nai)中(zhong)性(xing)鹽霧(wu)≥400 h、耐(nai)氙(xian)燈老(lao)(lao)化≥400 h，有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)廠(chang)家要求(qiu)(qiu)車(che)輪涂層(ceng)(ceng)耐(nai)中(zhong)性(xing)鹽霧(wu)≥504 h、耐(nai)氙(xian)燈老(lao)(lao)化≥200 h。

國內載貨汽車鋼質車輪涂(tu)(tu)裝普(pu)遍采用(yong)“陰極(ji)電(dian)泳(yong)+面(mian)(mian)(mian)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)”工藝。電(dian)泳(yong)采用(yong)中(zhong)厚膜(mo)常規(gui)環氧樹脂型陰極(ji)電(dian)泳(yong)涂(tu)(tu)料，涂(tu)(tu)層(ceng)的(de)(de)防腐(fu)性(xing)能(neng)優良，但耐候性(xing)能(neng)較差。為(wei)了提升車輪的(de)(de)裝飾(shi)性(xing)以及(ji)滿足涂(tu)(tu)層(ceng)的(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng)要求(qiu)，再進(jin)行單涂(tu)(tu)層(ceng)面(mian)(mian)(mian)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)涂(tu)(tu)覆，一(yi)般(ban)為(wei)銀色金屬面(mian)(mian)(mian)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)（無(wu)罩光清(qing)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)）。同(tong)時，為(wei)了保證后續車輪螺栓連接的(de)(de)可(ke)靠性(xing)，重點部(bu)位應做好面(mian)(mian)(mian)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)涂(tu)(tu)層(ceng)的(de)(de)厚度控制或者進(jin)行必要的(de)(de)涂(tu)(tu)裝遮(zhe)蔽(bi)處(chu)理。

為了降(jiang)低(di)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)裝成本(ben)，不(bu)少鋼質車(che)輪涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)裝線已采用“底面(mian)合(he)一(yi)(yi)”型(xing)陰極(ji)電(dian)(dian)泳涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)，部(bu)分取消(xiao)了面(mian)漆工藝。由于車(che)輪焊(han)接(jie)部(bu)位高溫氧(yang)化(hua)皮電(dian)(dian)阻過(guo)大(da)，極(ji)易(yi)(yi)導致焊(han)接(jie)部(bu)位無法電(dian)(dian)泳上涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)，車(che)輪上電(dian)(dian)泳線前必須(xu)進行細致的(de)(de)拋丸處(chu)(chu)理去除氧(yang)化(hua)皮。“底面(mian)合(he)一(yi)(yi)”型(xing)陰極(ji)電(dian)(dian)泳涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)生(sheng)產應用中暴(bao)露出的(de)(de)主要問題是涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)的(de)(de)耐腐蝕性(xing)下降(jiang)，車(che)輪表面(mian)易(yi)(yi)出現(xian)點狀銹(xiu)(xiu)蝕，零件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)邊緣(yuan)、夾縫(feng)與(yu)焊(han)縫(feng)等部(bu)位也易(yi)(yi)生(sheng)銹(xiu)(xiu)“流黃(huang)水”。需(xu)要嚴(yan)格控制車(che)輪工件(jian)(jian)經拋丸處(chu)(chu)理后的(de)(de)表面(mian)粗(cu)糙度(du)，同時保證“底面(mian)合(he)一(yi)(yi)”型(xing)陰極(ji)電(dian)(dian)泳涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)的(de)(de)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)厚度(du)滿足性(xing)能要求。

3 車橋

載(zai)貨汽車車橋是非(fei)常重要(yao)(yao)的(de)底盤零件，承(cheng)擔著傳動、承(cheng)載(zai)等功能，主要(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)沖焊(han)橋與(yu)鑄造橋兩種類(lei)型。涂(tu)層(ceng)要(yao)(yao)求具有(you)(you)良好的(de)防腐性，如，有(you)(you)的(de)廠家要(yao)(yao)求車橋總成（外(wai)表面）涂(tu)層(ceng)厚度≥50 μm、耐(nai)中性鹽(yan)(yan)霧≥168 h，有(you)(you)的(de)廠家要(yao)(yao)求車橋總成（外(wai)表面）涂(tu)層(ceng)厚度≥60 μm、耐(nai)中性鹽(yan)(yan)霧≥240 h。

國內(nei)載貨汽車(che)車(che)橋(qiao)(qiao)總(zong)(zong)成(cheng)涂(tu)裝普遍采(cai)用(yong)總(zong)(zong)成(cheng)噴漆工藝。由于(yu)車(che)橋(qiao)(qiao)總(zong)(zong)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)熱容量大，部分配(pei)件(jian)（油封、墊圈等）不能(neng)耐高(gao)溫(wen)，一(yi)般選用(yong)低(di)溫(wen)烘烤型(xing)防(fang)腐涂(tu)料(liao)，溶劑型(xing)涂(tu)料(liao)有(you)氯(lv)化橡(xiang)膠、氯(lv)醚、氯(lv)磺(huang)化等品種，水性(xing)涂(tu)料(liao)有(you)丙烯(xi)(xi)酸(suan)改(gai)(gai)性(xing)環氧(yang)(yang)酯、丙烯(xi)(xi)酸(suan)改(gai)(gai)性(xing)醇酸(suan)等。目前，低(di)溫(wen)烘烤型(xing)單(dan)(dan)組分水性(xing)防(fang)腐涂(tu)料(liao)應重點解(jie)決涂(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)干燥速度慢，涂(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)初始硬度低(di)的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題。車(che)橋(qiao)(qiao)做為(wei)載貨汽車(che)底盤的(de)(de)(de)典型(xing)零件(jian)，要求涂(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)具有(you)良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)防(fang)腐性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)同時，有(you)的(de)(de)(de)產品也考核耐候性(xing)，單(dan)(dan)涂(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)體系需要防(fang)腐涂(tu)料(liao)在配(pei)方(fang)設(she)計上綜合考慮。高(gao)端車(che)橋(qiao)(qiao)產品采(cai)用(yong)“環氧(yang)(yang)防(fang)腐底漆+丙烯(xi)(xi)酸(suan)聚(ju)氨(an)酯面漆”的(de)(de)(de)雙涂(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)體系，涂(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)綜合性(xing)能(neng)優(you)異。

為了提高噴(pen)(pen)涂效率、保證噴(pen)(pen)涂質量(liang)，產量(liang)較(jiao)大的(de)(de)車橋(qiao)總成涂裝線采(cai)用(yong)地樁(zhuang)式噴(pen)(pen)涂機器(qi)人(ren)(ren)，高壓無氣(qi)或(huo)(huo)混氣(qi)噴(pen)(pen)涂工(gong)藝。由于車橋(qiao)外觀(guan)(guan)形狀與結構比較(jiao)復雜，通(tong)常采(cai)用(yong)“機器(qi)人(ren)(ren)+人(ren)(ren)工(gong)”的(de)(de)噴(pen)(pen)涂方(fang)式，人(ren)(ren)工(gong)噴(pen)(pen)涂的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)是彌(mi)補機器(qi)人(ren)(ren)噴(pen)(pen)涂無法達到或(huo)(huo)噴(pen)(pen)涂不(bu)到位的(de)(de)區(qu)域，以提高整體噴(pen)(pen)涂質量(liang)。對于外觀(guan)(guan)質量(liang)要求不(bu)高的(de)(de)非重要部位，可(ke)以使用(yong)漆刷(shua)進(jin)行點補或(huo)(huo)刷(shua)涂。

由于(yu)車(che)(che)橋總成零(ling)(ling)部件(jian)品種較多，需要加強對毛坯與零(ling)(ling)部件(jian)的(de)底漆(qi)質量管控，選用防腐性能(neng)優良的(de)底漆(qi)；車(che)(che)橋總成裝配(pei)后難(nan)涂(tu)裝或涂(tu)不到涂(tu)料的(de)部位，需要結合零(ling)(ling)部件(jian)特(te)點進行(xing)涂(tu)裝工(gong)藝(yi)改(gai)善或防銹處理；車(che)(che)橋總成噴(pen)漆(qi)前應(ying)進行(xing)脫脂、磷化處理，水洗(xi)工(gong)序應(ying)考慮(lv)防銹，避免工(gong)件(jian)工(gong)序間(jian)生銹；根據車(che)(che)橋產品及后續(xu)裝配(pei)要求，應(ying)對突緣、車(che)(che)輪螺栓、安(an)裝孔等部位進行(xing)遮蔽處理。

4 鋼板彈簧

鋼(gang)板彈(dan)(dan)(dan)簧(huang)是(shi)典型(xing)、特(te)殊的(de)汽(qi)車(che)底盤零件，在車(che)輛行(xing)駛中(zhong)(zhong)承受高(gao)頻往復運(yun)動，起著緩沖減震(zhen)作用(yong)，對(dui)車(che)輛平穩性(xing)與(yu)安(an)全(quan)性(xing)起著重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)作用(yong)，是(shi)載貨汽(qi)車(che)廣泛(fan)應用(yong)的(de)懸架彈(dan)(dan)(dan)性(xing)元件，分為多片(pian)簧(huang)和(he)少片(pian)簧(huang)。有(you)資(zi)料(liao)顯示，由涂(tu)層(ceng)缺陷引起的(de)鋼(gang)板彈(dan)(dan)(dan)簧(huang)的(de)早期銹(xiu)蝕(shi)，銹(xiu)蝕(shi)點將成為鋼(gang)板彈(dan)(dan)(dan)簧(huang)新的(de)疲勞源(yuan)，從而影響鋼(gang)板彈(dan)(dan)(dan)簧(huang)的(de)疲勞壽命。鋼(gang)板彈(dan)(dan)(dan)簧(huang)涂(tu)層(ceng)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)具有(you)良好的(de)防腐性(xing)能，如，有(you)的(de)廠家(jia)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)涂(tu)層(ceng)耐中(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)鹽霧(wu)(wu)≥120 h，有(you)的(de)廠家(jia)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)涂(tu)層(ceng)耐中(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)鹽霧(wu)(wu)≥240 h。

為(wei)了提(ti)高強度與疲勞壽命，鋼板(ban)彈簧(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)均要(yao)求進行(xing)(xing)應(ying)力噴(pen)(pen)(pen)丸(wan)，但國內廠(chang)家有(you)的(de)(de)僅單面(mian)（凹面(mian)）進行(xing)(xing)應(ying)力噴(pen)(pen)(pen)丸(wan)，板(ban)簧(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)片另一(yi)面(mian)（凸面(mian)）表面(mian)不同程度存有(you)氧化(hua)(hua)皮(pi)，嚴重影響涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)層的(de)(de)附(fu)著力與防腐(fu)性(xing)(xing)。建議采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)“一(yi)般噴(pen)(pen)(pen)丸(wan)+應(ying)力噴(pen)(pen)(pen)丸(wan)”工藝(yi)，既清除氧化(hua)(hua)皮(pi)，又可(ke)達成產品特性(xing)(xing)要(yao)求。由(you)于鋼板(ban)彈簧(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)為(wei)疊接結構(gou)，夾縫(feng)部位容易出現早期銹蝕，應(ying)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)板(ban)簧(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)單片涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)裝（陰(yin)(yin)極電(dian)(dian)(dian)泳或(huo)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)漆(qi)），裝配后鋼板(ban)彈簧(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)總(zong)成再(zai)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)漆(qi)或(huo)補漆(qi)。鋼板(ban)彈簧(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)熱(re)容量大(da)，建議使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)低溫(wen)(wen)固(gu)化(hua)(hua)型陰(yin)(yin)極電(dian)(dian)(dian)泳涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)，固(gu)化(hua)(hua)溫(wen)(wen)度低至150 ℃的(de)(de)陰(yin)(yin)極電(dian)(dian)(dian)泳涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)已有(you)生產應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)案例，可(ke)低溫(wen)(wen)解封(feng)的(de)(de)封(feng)閉異氰酸酯交聯劑的(de)(de)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)以及復合(he)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)體系的(de)(de)引用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)是(shi)新型電(dian)(dian)(dian)泳涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)開發的(de)(de)關鍵(jian)技(ji)術。板(ban)簧(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)單片電(dian)(dian)(dian)泳后再(zai)裝配的(de)(de)鋼板(ban)彈簧(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)總(zong)成進行(xing)(xing)面(mian)漆(qi)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)，建議選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)兼具(ju)防腐(fu)性(xing)(xing)與耐候(hou)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)。板(ban)簧(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)單片噴(pen)(pen)(pen)漆(qi)應(ying)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)防腐(fu)底(di)漆(qi)，裝配后的(de)(de)鋼板(ban)彈簧(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)總(zong)成進行(xing)(xing)面(mian)漆(qi)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)，也(ye)應(ying)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)兼具(ju)防腐(fu)性(xing)(xing)與耐候(hou)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)，建議采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)低溫(wen)(wen)快干型水性(xing)(xing)防腐(fu)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)與“底(di)面(mian)合(he)一(yi)”型水性(xing)(xing)防腐(fu)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)。

5 結語

底(di)(di)(di)盤(pan)零件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)是國(guo)內載貨汽(qi)車涂(tu)(tu)(tu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)中(zhong)較(jiao)為(wei)薄弱的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)節，底(di)(di)(di)盤(pan)零件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層質量提升一直是涂(tu)(tu)(tu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)質量改(gai)善的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)內容之一。隨著涂(tu)(tu)(tu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)與(yu)工藝的(de)(de)(de)不斷進(jin)步(bu)，以(yi)水(shui)性涂(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)、高固體分涂(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)與(yu)粉末涂(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)為(wei)代表的(de)(de)(de)綠色(se)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)技術正在越來越多地應用于各類底(di)(di)(di)盤(pan)零件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)生(sheng)產。需要(yao)更加重視底(di)(di)(di)盤(pan)零件(jian)(jian)各類基材(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)表面(mian)質量以(yi)及前(qian)處理(li)質量。底(di)(di)(di)盤(pan)零件(jian)(jian)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層在滿足(zu)防(fang)腐性與(yu)耐候性要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)同時，還需要(yao)考慮(lv)車輛底(di)(di)(di)盤(pan)整(zheng)體的(de)(de)(de)防(fang)護性與(yu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)性的(de)(de)(de)提升。針(zhen)對底(di)(di)(di)盤(pan)零件(jian)(jian)某些涂(tu)(tu)(tu)覆(fu)防(fang)護難度較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)部位，如，腔型結構部位、裝(zhuang)(zhuang)配貼合(he)面(mian)、運動連接面(mian)等，如何(he)進(jin)行有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)表面(mian)防(fang)護仍需要(yao)深入(ru)研究(jiu)